how africa underdeveloped africa pdf
African underdevelopment refers to the continent's enduring socio-economic challenges‚ rooted in historical injustices like colonialism and the slave trade‚ perpetuated by weak governance and external exploitation․ Definition and Scope of Underdevelopment in Africa Underdevelopment in Africa refers to the persistent economic‚ social‚ and political challenges that hinder the continent's progress․ It is characterized by low per capita income‚ limited industrialization‚ and inadequate access to education and healthcare․ The scope extends beyond economic metrics‚ encompassin